Effects of uneven proppant distribution in multiple clusters of fractures on fracture conductivity in unconventional hydrocarbon exploitation

Abstract During the unconventional hydrocarbon development, the irregular shaping and uneven sand concentration of proppants banks in the staged multi-cluster fracturing of horizontal wells are key factors determining the fracture conductivity and post-fractured well productivity.To compensate for the limitation of small-scale sand filled core cond

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Computational animal welfare: towards cognitive architecture models of animal sentience, emotion and wellbeing

To understand animal wellbeing, we need to consider subjective phenomena and sentience.This is challenging, since these properties are private and cannot be observed directly.Certain motivations, emotions and related internal states can be inferred in animals through experiments that involve choice, learning, generalization and decision-making.Yet,

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